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Enjoy The Rainbow - The Color Wheel Of Fruits And Vegetables

The majority of people know that eating five servings of fruits and vegetables a day is very important. Also, by eating fruits and vegetables of a variety of different colors, one can get the best all-around health benefits. Each different color fruit and vegetables contains unique health components that are essential to our health. Fruits and vegetables are very important to our health because they are whole foods, created by nature, that are rich in a large amount of nutrients. The processed foods that we so commonly eat, can never compare to the health benefits provided by strawberries or broccoli, which have fiber, vitamins, and enzymes built right in. The phrase "eating a rainbow" of fruits and vegetables is a simple way of remembering to get as much color variety in your diet as possible, so that you can maximize your intake of a broad range of nutrients. The colors of fruits and vegetables are a small clue as to what vitamins and nutrients are included. By getting a variety of different colored fruits and vegetables, you are guaranteed a diverse amount of essential vitamins and minerals.

When eating red fruits and vegetables including tomatoes, berries, peppers, and radishes, you take in nutrients such as lycopene, ellagic acid, Quercetin, and Hesperidin, to name a few. These nutrients reduce the risk of prostate cancer, lower blood pressure, reduce tumor growth and LDL cholesterol levels, scavenge harmful free-radicals, and support join tissue in arthritis cases. Carrots, Yams, Squash, Papayas, and other orange and yellow fruits and vegetables contain beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, flavonoids, lycopene, potassium, and vitamin C. These nutrients reduce age-related macula degeneration and the risk of prostate cancer, lower LDL cholesterol and blood pressure, promote collagen formation and healthy joints, fight harmful free radicals, encourage alkaline balance, and work with magnesium and calcium to build healthy bones. White fruits and vegetables, including mushrooms, white tea, flaxseed, and pumpkin, contain nutrients such as beta-glucans, EGCG, SDG, and lignans that provide powerful immune boosting activity. These nutrients also activate natural killer B and T cells, reduce the risk of colon, breast, and prostate cancers, and balance hormone levels, reducing the risk of hormone-related cancers. Wheat Grass, barley grass, oat grass, kale, spinach, cabbage, alfalfa sprouts, mustard greens, and collard greens are all examples of green vegetables that contain chlorophyll, fiber, lutein, zeaxanthin, calcium, folate, vitamin C, calcium, and Beta-carotene. The nutrients found in these vegetables reduce cancer risks, lower blood pressure and LDL cholesterol levels, normalize digestion time, support retinal health and vision, fight harmful free-radicals, and boost immune system activity. Blue and purple fruits and vegetables such as blueberries, pomegranates, grapes, elderberries, eggplant, and prunes contain nutrients which include lutein, zeaxanthin, resveratrol, vitamin C, fiber, flavonoids, ellagic acid, and quercetin. Similar to the previous nutrients, these nutrients support retinal health, lower LDL cholesterol, boost immune system activity, support healthy digestion, improve calcium and other mineral absorption, fight inflammation, reduce tumor growth, act as an anticarcinogens in the digestive tract, and limit the activity of cancer cells.

These nutrients that are found in the above-listed fruits and vegetables can have a significant impact on our health. Quercetin, which is found in apples, onions and other citrus fruits, not only prevents LDL cholesterol oxidation, but also helps the body cope with allergens and other lung and breathing problems. Ellagic acid, which is mainly found in raspberries, strawberries, pomegranates, and walnuts, has been proven in many clinical studies to act as an antioxidant and anticarcinogens in the gastrointestinal tract. This nutrient also has been proven to have an anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells, because it decreases their ATP production. The best-known of the carotenoids, beta-carotene, is converted into vitamin A upon entering the liver. Although being known for its positive effects on eyesight, it has also been proven to decrease cholesterol levels in the liver. Clinical studies have proven that lycopene, mainly found in tomatoes, may decrease the risk of prostate cancer, as well as protect against heart disease. Lutein, which is found in blueberries and members of the squash family, is important for healthy eyes. However, it does support your heart too, helping to prevent against coronary artery disease.

Along with the above stated nutrients, there are even more nutrients found in fruits and vegetables that provide a great deal of support to our body. Almost everyone has heard of vitamin C, which keeps our immune system strong; speeds wound healing, and promote strong muscles and joints. This nutrient is scattered throughout the spectrum of fruits, but commonly associated with oranges and other citrus fruits. Potassium, which is the nutrient most Americans are deficient in, does great things for our hearts, and lowers blood pressure. Another good food component many people don't get enough of if fiber, found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Flavonoids, which include anthocyanins, flavones, isoflavones, proantocyanidins, quercetin and more, are found almost everywhere. They are responsible for the colors in the skins of fruits and vegetables and help to stop the growth of tumor cells and potent antioxidants. They also can reduce inflammation. Beta-glucan, found in mushrooms, stabilizes and balances the body's immune system by supporting white blood cells. EGCG is found in tea and has been shown to reduce the risk of colon and breast cancer. It boosts the immune system and encourages T-cell formation, which defends our body against sickness and disease. Lastly, bioflavonoids, which are found in citrus fruits, are considered a companion to vitamin C because they extend the value of it in the body. These nutrients have the capabilities to lower cholesterol levels and support joint collagen in arthritis cases.

The number one excuse for not eating the required five servings of fruits and vegetables each day is they are too expensive. However, as compared to the amount of money spent on prepackaged, processed, and fast foods, most fruits and vegetables (with the exception of those that are not in season) are not all that expensive. Because frozen fruits and vegetables retain the majority of their nutritional value, they can be an excellent alternative when certain foods are out of season. Someone who is not able to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables each day can also drink fruit and vegetable drinks in their place. Although this shouldn't become a habit, fruit and vegetable drink mixes can be an excellent substitute when you're rushed or traveling. The need for fruits and vegetables in our diet is growing rapidly with the type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high cholesterol, hypertension that result from the "Typical American Diet" of fatty meats, processed sugars, and refined grains. Great fruit drink Mixes and vegetable mixes can be found at your local health food store or internet health food store.

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Microwave Synchronous

Chaos As Social Order

Introduction

            Chaos is a new way of understanding social order.  Rather than a perverse paradox, this assertion draws on the diverse developments of chaos theory in the natural and mathematical sciences (Barnsley 1988; Crutchfield et al 1986; Dewdney 1985; Gleick 1987; Mandelbrot 1983; Mullin 1993).  Over the past two decades, chaos theory has been applied in many disciplines of theoretical and applied science (Baier and Klein 1991; Cohen and Stewart 1994; Davies and Gribbin 1992; Gleick 1987; Hao 1990; Holden 1986; Moon 1987; Mullin 1993; Rasband 1990; Ruelle 1989), including some areas of social science (Brown 1994; Chen; Dendrinos and Sonis 1990; Gell-Mann 47-48; Goodwin 1990; Hao 573-632; Holton and May; Kiel and Elliott 1996; Lewin 44-62; Nicolis 1991).  The latter applications, however, have used chaos theory as a mathematical tool incorporated into conventional conceptual frameworks rather than as an alternative conceptual framework which could illuminate the very social order from which chaos theory has arisen.  To serve conceptually chaos theory must be understood conceptually.

            In this article, I do not produce mathematical models or computer simulations nor do I offer copious new data.  I also definitely do not use chaos as a metaphor.  This is not a literary exercise designed to decorate the social sciences with yet another image, such as the machine, the organism, the deductive system, or the adversarial debate (Morgan 1986).

            It might seem appropriate to group chaos with such heuristic metaphors.  These metaphors have been used in social science to approach and explore phenomena which were thought to be otherwise intractable to rigorous scientific examination.  However, the success of multiple research efforts in the mathematical, physical, life, and social sciences in identifying various kinds of chaotic dynamics suggests that chaos should be grouped not with metaphors but with known types of order such as linear deterministic, stochastic, and random.

            This grouping emphasizes that I use chaos as a theory not as a model (Harvey and Reed 309).  My use of chaos is therefore theoretic and not semantic (Richards 98).  This grouping also does not deny that the bulk of existing research has regarded chaos as an outcome of changes in parameters of deterministic systems.  Chaos is usually viewed as deterministic chaos.  It affirms, additionally, the discovery of chaotic dynamics in social science data (Kiel and Elliot) where the social situations generating the data cannot be reduced to linear deterministic principles or equations.  From this affirmation seems to flow the possibility that chaos is a kind of order which is not strictly dependent on deterministic systems for its existence.  Indeed, as a type of order, chaos may be the first clear, non-reductionist link between certain specific conditions in numeric and physical systems, such as phase transitions, and a pervasive, spontaneous quality of social reality.  Rather than a fad or a misplaced metaphor, chaos may be a small window into a new and larger way of understanding human life which includes determinism, stochasticity, and randomness.

            Grouping chaos with known types of order frames chaos as a comprehensible form of order rather than as a metaphor for some incomprehensible condition.  Besides being a more useful alignment, this grouping also raises a deeper question for the philosophy or foundations of social science.  This question defines the horizon of my inquiry here:  What properties must the (social) universe have in order to exhibit all four kinds of order?

            Considering chaos as a type of order allows me to use the results of experiments to prepare the conceptual ground for chaos as social order.  I present the established features of chaos which bear on social order.  I highlight the mixing/folding phenomenon characteristic of physical chaotic phenomena (Crutchfield et al 51-4; Gleick 122, 255, 257; Mullin 19-21).  My focus on social power as actions upon actions provides a necessary bridge for understanding chaos as social order.

            After this presentation of chaos theory as a conceptual framework, I then lay out an application of chaos theory to diverse social phenomena--oppression, modernization, language change, moral change, political change, and cyberspace.  In the course of this application, I show that chaos theory can be used conceptually to clarify contemporary social order but that the nature of social phenomena place significant limitations on the mathematical application of chaos theory to social science data.

Social Power

            We begin by reflecting on the fact that others--mother, father, siblings, pets, blankets, rain, sun--have been acting upon us for a long time.  Others, both animate and inanimate, have been acting not only on our bodies as rain acts on tin, water, or sand but more specifically on our bodies' attempts to act.  These actions include the entire range of qualities--caress and punch, embrace and push, praise and blame, approve and reject, and so on.  These actions upon our actions have induced and introduced social power:  actions upon actions.

            Actions upon actions sounds repetitive.  Not redundant, but repetitive in the sense that something similar is recurring in each action.  Similarity through difference characterizes individual life stories, family histories, and community histories.  Indeed, as historical beings, all of human life is involved in each human action upon an action--patterned, compressed, focused, refracted, fractionated--as much as all of a language is "in" any instance of its use.

            What precisely then is the process of actions upon actions?  We can interpret the phrase as scalar recursion which is the recurrence of similar structure on different scales.  Something is similar in every instance of actions upon actions, whether it is in the relationships between a Supreme Commander and an entire military establishment, a lieutenant and a platoon, or one private and another.

            Paying closer attention to the phrase "actions upon actions" supports such a linking of social power with chaos theory.  The first and third terms--"actions"--are identical but this identity is qualified by the second term--"upon."  The preposition "upon" is used rather than those which indicate symmetry or equality, such as "with," "together with," "beside," etc.  The verbal sense of "action" is amplified by the dynamic sense of the preposition.  These observations may be provisionally summarized:  the structure of social power as actions upon actions is dynamic asymmetry.

            We next observe the absence of any modifiers of the noun "actions."  Words such as "all," "most," "many," "some," etc. could have been used.  But no one can actually count the number of actions upon their body.  This noncountability extends across all human time scales.  This is true whether the time scale of the actions is generations of national patterns mediated by living cohorts, years of family patterns mediated by relatives, years of being a consumer, student, parent, child, or employee, or months of dating, going steady, being engaged, or being married.  It is not possible, therefore, to fit this idea of social power into a quantitative, countability dualism such as finite/infinite.  This impossibility in turn refines the provisional summary in the preceding paragraph:  "upon" is ambivalently or ambiguously asymmetric.  It is not necessarily either symmetric or asymmetric.

From Detector To Attractor

            This understanding of social power can be used as a power detector.  It can be used in any human situation to bring into view, to outline or highlight, to unmask or reveal, power relations.  This power detector is not like a metal detector that finds a distinct, physical thing nor is it like a thermometer that quantitatively reduces a complex physical condition.  It is a detector of human situations in which people's actions may be found to be acting upon people's actions.  It can be used analytically to consider relations of cooperation or collaboration, which are indeed actions upon actions, as well as to consider situations of oppression.  It predicts that social power will be dynamic, ambiguously and fluidly symmetric/asymmetric, and numerically uncountable.

            The condition of uncountability may be understood as meaning that actions can be decomposed and recomposed indefinitely into more and less inclusive patterns.  The oppression of being forcibly confined in a mental institution, for example, can be analyzed in many terms--architectural, political, economic, familial, social, psychiatric, etc.  All the terms are relevant to an analysis aimed at completeness though none of the terms exhausts the entire range of actions upon actions in such a situation.

            We can now consider a smooth social process or the surface of water in laminar flow without turbulence or chaos.  The onset of turbulence or chaos constitutes both a qualitative and a quantitative change from the laminar condition and is not simply an accumulation of prior conditions.  The change introduces a pattern characterized by repetition and similarity across different scales of the pattern.  The detector of social power detects a repeated action upon action among human beings.  The repetition and the similarity indicate a certain attraction of the actors to one another.  The detector indicates an attractor.

            In chaos theory, an attractor is a pattern in space.  The kind of space is state or phase space.  Phase space is a multidimensional space inclusive of the Cartesian coordinates and the momentum of a system, i.e., the attractor.  There are many definitions of attractors in the literature (Cohen and Stewart 204-7; Coveney and Highfield 166-75; Gleick 150, 232-6; Hao 16-18, 51-63; Kiel and Elliott 26, 54-5, 172; Mainzer 4-7, 58-9; Mullin x-xii; etc.).  Moon's definition is simple and useful:  An attractor is a "set of points or a subspace in phase space toward which a time history approaches after transients die out.  For example, equilibrium points or fixed points in maps, limit cycles, or a toroidal surface for quasiperiodic motions, are all classical dynamical attractors" (261).  The attractor pattern is an equilibrium state or set of states to which a dynamical system converges.  An attractor is not necessarily either one or many states exclusively.

            The verbal phrase "to which...converges" conveys this non-dualistic quality and also points toward the quality of an attractor that makes it strange:  a final equilibrium is never reached--symmetry is never reached, nor is a "stable" asymmetry reached.  The pattern shows self-similarity across scales but it never reaches an identity, or, equilibrium condition.  Using Moon again, a strange attractor is "the attracting set in phase space on which chaotic orbits move.  An attractor that is not an equilibrium point nor a limit cycle, nor a quasiperiodic attractor.  An attractor in phase space with fractal dimension" (267).

            A strongly defining characteristic of a strange attractor, moreover, is sensitive dependence on initial conditions.  The pattern of a strange attractor may be taken as the pathways of points that begin at arbitrarily small distances from each other.  Over time, those distances change so much and so quickly that at a later time in the pattern the initial conditions are no longer observable.  The later state of the pattern or system cannot therefore be connected deterministically with the beginning state.

            It has been proven repeatedly in both numerical and physical experiments that such a pattern must involve simultaneous folding and stretching.  For example, you put a spot of dark blue dye on the surface of a large lump of white Bread Dough.  You then knead the dough.  Kneading folds and stretches the dough.  Folding and stretching mixes the blue dye through the dough until it is distributed throughout the dough.  The entire mass of dough is pale blue.  It is physically or mathematically impossible to determine from the final state of mixed dye where in the dough the spot was in the beginning.  The sensitivity of the system to its initial conditions thus means that, regardless of how close to each other the elements are initially, stretching and folding results in the initial conditions no longer being observable or deterministically relevant.  Such mixing involves simultaneous expansion and contraction.  As this happens, old or earlier information is destroyed and new or later information is created.

Chaos And Oppression

            When introduced into a consideration of oppression, this approach illuminates some crucial aspects.  First, oppression works on the human body in two distinct ways--one by removing the body from home and two by covering the body with non-indigenous, uniform clothes.  Examples of both operations can be found with prisoners of war, convicted criminals, committed mental patients, military personnel, and students in compulsory education.

            Second, oppression works on human structures and on the earth.  Imperialism, whether religious, political, military, or ecological, has repeatedly involved the destruction of buildings and of parts of the earth such as groves, crops, livestock, fields, and species.  Examples are the destruction of groves of trees in the Old Testament, the burning of manuscripts in China in 212 BC and the burning of the library in Alexandria, in 525 AD.  More currently, the destruction of human living spaces and places, from rain forests, to living sites, to old sections of cities, involves the destruction of old information and the creation of new information.

            Combining these two operations of oppression, we see the human bodies of survivors, born and bred close together, then moved, mixed, and clothed so that, when observed later, no traces of their initial conditions--their indigenous or native states--remain.  The old information about the former identity of the displaced persons or of the destroyed places is replaced by new information resulting from actions upon the persons and the places.  If we add to this the repression, disuse and disappearance of unprivileged languages and customs, then the image of uniform mixing, or, mixing for uniformity, becomes clearer.

            Third, sensitive dependence on initial conditions in both numerical and physical experiments involves amplification of small initial differences into larger differences later.  Twins, siblings, and neighborhood or village cohorts often develop lifeways that not only put out of focus their initial conditions but also differ from one another in ways that are not susceptible to deterministic, linear calculation.  In the case of groups of ethnically homogeneous refugees crossing a border into another country, individual lifeways can diverge beyond linear reckoning over time.

            From the standpoint of social power, the actions of such people are worked on by the actions of social operations that "mix," "fold," and "stretch" everyone.  At one and the same time, contemporary, industrial, urban society functions to stereotype everyone while making available the physical and mental means for individual differentiation.  From the standpoint of chaos theory, this allows for indefinitely small and large distances between points, or subjects, in the pattern of the strange attractor.  It also allows for signs and signals, such as hair styles, clothing, gestures and jewelry, web pages, and c(i)ber(dentities), increasingly bereft of any anchorings in known, traditional societies--traditional initial human conditions.  Instead, these signs and signals increasingly occur in production, consumption and communication patterns that transcend national, linguistic, and ethnic differences or origins.

            Such uniformity of pattern and signal leads, fourthly, to another illuminating characteristic of strange attractors also repeatedly proven by physical experiments.  This is a continuous power spectrum.  When a mutable medium, a fluid for example, is excited beyond a certain threshold, its measurable signals change sharply from continuous to discontinuous to continuous.  At the extreme level of excitation, the signals are continuous.  Rather than showing discrete peaks and valleys throughout the signal, the bulk of the signal is continuous, undifferentiated "noise" (Brown 135; McBurnett (2) 43-5).  Urban areas where waking human activities go on twenty-four hours a day are examples of such social "white noise."  This noise has the power to eclipse bird-songs, wind sounds, and much of human speech.  In urban areas, everyone's and everything's sounds and noises are folded upon one another and mixed into collective sound.  This mixing produces a variety of aural experiences which cannot be predicted from knowing the origin and quality of any particular sound--emergence and synergy--and which blur into white noise in which no one sound dominates although any one sound may be momentarily more or less distinct.  In fact, the blur of urban noise obscures not only origins but also dynamics (Brown 123; Dendrinos 241; McBurnett (1)171-5, 185, 190).  Is the dynamics of urban "white noise" random, stochastic, chaotic or yet another type of order which a conceptual use of chaos theory can illuminate better than other kinds of order concepts?  I will return to this question in my conclusion.

            A continuous power spectrum connects with sensitive dependence on initial conditions in describing, at the onset of chaos, the destruction of old information and the creation of new information.  Pre-chaotic signals literally disappear and are replaced by erratically punctuated broadband noise.  This characteristic connects with oppression in that the latter always involves the injection of new energy into an existing system.  Destroying living sites, destroying some bodies and moving others, burying the dead and clothing the living then resocializing the survivors injects new energy into the bodies and into their relations with others.

            Oppression not only subjects bodies to new forms of energy but also makes new energy available to those bodies.  It should be emphasized here that this use of chaos theory does not lead to any simple, reductionist view of social power or of social order.  Social power may constrain or it may liberate or it may do both in the same situation and through the same person.  Declines in the hegemony of white, American, heterosexual, Christian males, books and chainsaws coupled with empowerment of women, children, homosexuals, non-whites, non-Christians, non-Euroamericans, hard drives, and endangered species show oscillations of social power in contemporary social order.

            Some further examples of this mixing and folding are Gandhi learning English and English law which he used to drive the British from India, Crazy Horse learning to use a rifle with which he killed invading soldiers, prisoners using weapons taken from guards against guards in prison riots, and students using computers to attack the military-industrial complex, university regulations, or high school dress codes.  This variable characteristic of energy-induced continuous power spectra--as though the law of the conservation of energy were functioning socially to preserve social power regardless of who has it or what its change of hands does to existing social order--shows that some kinds of social power persist through interruption.

            Two examples of persistent social power are the physical structure of a modern prison and the legal and temporal structure of modern mass education.  In the former, a prisoner's body is disciplined twenty-four hours a day by its environment of bars, walls, locked doors, and fences with or without other individual human presence.  In the latter, people from six to sixteen years of age are persistently disciplined by a system that linearly encloses every day of the calendar year with its own significant events, such as the beginnings and endings of classes, quarters, terms, and semesters.

            A closer look at an excited fluid will strengthen the connections just mentioned.  When heat is applied to water in an open container the water moves gradually until there is a sharp transition to boiling.  Boiling may be understood as the creation of infinite surface in finite volume.  The water occupies a finite space.  The elements of the water, the water molecules, remain forever separate but move more and more rapidly.  Since the molecules cannot turn into each other and since they cannot stop moving, they must have infinite surface.  They get infinite surface by the rolling of the water which is a process of stretching and folding the fluid medium.

            The water mixes, folds and stretches indefinitely and unpredictably.  Boiling may be further understood as releasing thermal energy to air.  The more heated water is exposed on the surface to air, the more heat is released.  If the heat is stopped the water will cease boiling and return to its pre-chaotic, quiescent regime.  If the heat is continued the water will slowly vaporize until the container is empty.

            There are two phases of this event in which old, earlier information is destroyed and new, later information is created.  The first is the transition from quiescence to boiling.  The second is the transition from boiling to vapor.  All information about quiescent positions of water molecules disappears in boiling.  All information about boiling positions of water molecules disappears in vaporization.  It is impossible to ascertain by observing atmospheric water molecules when and where those molecules were parts of a fluid body of water, either boiling or quiescent.

            Many individuals and groups of individuals may be seen as culturally vaporized.  It is impossible from observing people on city streets to ascertain when or where those people, or their ancestors, were members of groups that could have been considered ethnically homogenous tribes, clans, or cultures.  As the borders of the world's nations change, as data transfer technologies dissolve the barriers of time, space, and place, as war and environmental degradation persist, as droughts, floods, and volcanoes displace people, more and more human beings are culturally vaporized.

            The condition of cultural vaporization, moreover, involves three simultaneous expansions--the increase in human population, the increase in urban dwellers, and the increase in standardization by the extension of centralized, bureaucratic control over larger and larger numbers of people and into more and more details of human life.  Coincident with these expansions is the contraction of total per capita living space and within that contraction a further contraction of unstandardized living space.

            Unstandardized, unoppressed living space can be a space of resistance, armed or unarmed, written or unwritten.  In the US, for example, where the rhetoric of individuality is continually encased in the gestures of conformity, the only unoppressed living space many people have is their bodies.  Thus, resistance to oppression as forced uniformity, as the constraint of standardization without the liberation of individualization--standardization as erasure of difference--appears as tattoos, body piercings, jewelry, hair-do's, make-up, cars, clothing, music, dialects, food, and gestures.  But the information conveyed by such diversity has no clear or deterministic relation to the initial conditions of the resistors, that is, to their ancestors, their indigenous groups, or their homes.  Resistance by differentiating the appearance of one's body is a response to anonymity and depersonalization.  It folds the person even further into the strange attractor of change.

            At the same time, however, that modern power is "uniforming" and standardizing all of us, the modern industrial economy is diversifying and differentiating us.  If twenty different kinds of modem, thirty different makes of athletic shoe, fifty different kinds of car, or several hundred different shades of lipstick are not enough, more can be invented and produced.  The operations of modern social power upon humans thus move contemporary social order in two opposite directions simultaneously:  toward greater uniformity and toward greater diversity.

            Expansion of individualized treatments and options occurs with contraction of per capita living space and per capita unoppressed living space.  The operations of oppression may therefore be said to have two asymptotic limits.  In one direction, oppression tends to make everyone the same; in the other direction, it tends to make everyone different.  For example, short hair, low-heeled leather shoes, pants, a shirt, and a windbreaker could describe a male or female from almost any society on earth.  But in the US, where the unisex look is common, everyone of age has a unique social security number, a unique driver's license number, and many people also have unique phone numbers and addresses.

Transients and Trajectories

            We may further this approach of chaos to social order with work in chaos theory applied to mathematical and physical phenomena that echoes the simultaneous interpenetration of contexts in social life.  We take contexts to be attractors and the habitual practices of contexts to be basins of attraction.  A basin of attraction is a set of initial conditions in phase space which leads to a particular attractor or context.  These initial conditions are usually connected, such as the practices of a group, and form a continuous subspace in some larger cultural phase space.

            Reported by Peter Yam in the March, 1994 issue of Scientific American, numerical experiments conducted by Edward Ott and John C. Sommerer, in which a particle in motion on a "frictional surface is occasionally pushed," led to indeterminacy as to which of two attractors "the particle would chase, because one basin is riddled with pieces of the other basin."  According to Yam, the researchers found that, so far from basins simply overlapping each other at their edges or occasionally penetrating each other's space, "every area in one basin, no matter how small, contained pieces of the other basin within it."

            This research supports chaos theory as a good representation not only of particular practices but also of contexts which interpenetrate by mixing and folding.  All human practices are accumulations of other practices.  Any one practice can be either decomposed into smaller practices with varying histories or recomposed into larger practices with varying histories.  For example, learning to use a computer keyboard involves the fine coordinations of using different fingers separately as well as the gross skills of using equipment powered by electricity, such as plugging in a plug and turning on a switch.  What we mean by tradition, custom and habit is precisely a layering--mixing/folding--process by which information is compressed and through repeated use and application eroded into shapes and forms that are usable--reproducible--over long periods of time and in different spaces.  The different spaces of guard and prisoner, patient and doctor, or consumer and producer are thus different contexts--attractors--which continuously operate upon and within each other.

            Paradoxically, the decomposability of human practices reflects the nondecomposability criterion of chaotic systems:  "Chaotic systems are indecomposable because they cannot be broken down into two subsystems that do not interact; this arises because of topological transitivity" (Richards 96).  This point can be understood mathematically as the requirement that "[n]onlinear differential equations, and the phenomena or problems they describe, must be seen as a totality, that is, as nondecomposable" (Kiel and Elliott 4; see also, Jaditz 69).  For example, riding a bicycle can be viewed as a combination of large muscle skills using legs and arms, or of small muscle skills using hands, feet, and eyes, or of social sensitivities involving posture, appearance, and style.  Each of these three combinations can be viewed separately as a verbal or even quantitative event.  However, none of them can be lived, experienced, or learned separately.  They all come with each other; they all interact with, impact, and are impacted by each other.  However finely the "subsystem" involved in bicycle riding--or using a computer, singing, swimming, painting, riveting--is described as a separate coherent skill or ability, it is always (already) interacting with all of the other systems.  Indeed, the growing popularity during recent decades of terms such as "interpersonal," "interaction," "interconnection," and "interpenetration" suggests that chaos theory, at least to a contemporary mind and imagination, is a fully credible way to approach understanding social phenomena.

            Viewing both oral and written traditions as different contexts--as interpenetrating sites, as interacting systems--suggests that the subject-matter of social science, whether diachronically elongated or synchronically stacked, can be viewed as dissipative systems.  The continual maintenance, repair, and rebuilding required from bodily cells to clothing to transit systems to software configurations seems to leave little doubt that human living arrangements are predominantly dissipative rather than conservative systems.  In considering challenges to the management of complex systems, De Greene asserts that

            A sociotechnical or techno-economic macrosystem is a dissipative             structure in the sense that high-quality inputs (energy and matter)             are converted to low-quality outputs like heat and waste, with an             increase in disorder and entropy.  Within this overall process, of             course, low-quality raw materials are converted into high-quality             finished products, but these eventually break down, yielding further             entropy. (287)

            If this is reasonable, then it further clarifies the attempt to approach social order conceptually with chaos theory.  As Hao Bai-Lin explains in Chaos II, "it is dissipation that realizes the contraction [compression] of description [information] in a natural way: a vast number of modes die out due to dissipation; only those spanning the attractors need be taken into account in modelling[sic] the system"(6).  Dissipation--depreciation, degeneration, degradation, die-off, extinction--may be seen as the means by which normally and naturally functioning social and natural systems stabilize long-term function against short-term instability caused by proliferation of divergences.  Dissipation, in this sense, according to Hao, "causes the volume representing the initial states in phase space to contract in the process of evolution"(19).

            Oscillations in practices of all kinds are well known and extensively documented (Shils).  Oscillations are identified as such in a field of possibilities whose limits are defined by the tolerance of the practitioners for divergence.  A tolerable range of difference exists, as I describe in detail elsewhere (Cornberg (1)), not as a statistical array or generalization, unless quantification of actions is specifically sought, but as a range of preferences enacted and reenacted in contexts.  The tolerable range of difference defines a phase or state space in social life; enactment and reenactment of preferences constitute trajectories of practice.  When a trajectory does not span the attractor, it dies out.

            The research of Ott and Sommerer also encourages us to seek what we have already found in other ways--nested, embedded, and encaptic contexts or attractors.  The critical attractor of every human group is reproduction.  Examples of human groups are families, tribes, nations, and corporations.  All living things must reproduce for their species to survive but humans have the additional task of reproducing practices not just progeny.  Reproduction, such as human progeny, language transmission, and continuity of traditions, all display information compression.  The information that is needed to complete the practice repeats and varies through completions of the practice both as enactments and as learning events for others.  At any identifiable moment of a practice variation may take place and may be taken up in place of the preceding version.  What has gone before is accessible to the present only through the memory devices of the group.  There is no guarantee from any such memory device, oral, written, or electronic, that other versions have not existed.  Human living groups resist the infinitization of preferences with the compressions of tradition.

            A tolerable range of difference is discernible in all such situations.  Intolerable variations bring various other behaviors which are also practices such as indifference, correction, ridicule, criticism, rejection, denial, censure, repression, censorship, punishment, banishment, conflict and war.  If a practice, regardless of how momentary, and regardless of where it falls within the tolerable range of difference, does not entrain a group's reproductive energy then it becomes a transient and dies out.  A transient is a trajectory that does not span the attractor long or far enough to repeat or to reproduce.  As Farmer, Ott, and Yorke assert, in an article on the dimension of chaotic attractors, "Loosely speaking, an attractor is something that 'attracts' initial conditions from a region around it once transients have died out" (154).  Small towns in industrialized nations typically have a variety of private businesses and public services.  Parameters such as location, economy, tax base, climate, and ethnicity form the basins of attraction which layer--interpenetrate or intersect--each other as determinants of what kinds of activities appear and continue or appear then disappear in such contexts.

            A case study or in-depth interview sample of such a location would constitute a phase portrait of the attractor.  Contained in any particular piece of information in such a portrait would be information about other aspects of the social situation.  We know, for example, that personal interviews about such preferences as political candidates or bond issues can also give us information about language use, gestures, and aspects of social life such as class relations and discrimination.  According to Hao, the "basic idea is: due to nonlinear interactions in the system these [information samples taken at different times] contain information on other variables as well and one should be able to extract this information" from such a series of samples (53).  Such co-presence, simultaneity, or interpenetration of data further illustrates that social power combines compression and persistence in social order.

            Homelessness is a powerful contemporary example and indicator of human living regimes which, with increasing regularity, distinguish between transients and non-transients.  The fact that smaller communities have less incidence of lasting homelessness in comparison with larger towns, cities, and metropolitan areas suggests that the trajectories of homeless people are attracted to basins of human living within which multiple basins--e.g. Ott and Sommerer--contain enough pieces of each other to allow--to tolerate in their range of differences--strongly divergent living arrangements.

            But containing pieces of each other then implies substantial rather than cosmetic discontinuities in social process and structure.  Strongly divergent practices in turn form smaller attractors within the larger attractor of the metropolis.  Patterns of homeness and homelessness would then be expected to show a variety of trajectories of practice, such as correlations between incidence of homelessness and existence of soup kitchens, availability of free shelter, locking of house doors, fencing of land, discriminatory zoning, ownership of small arms, or ownership of guard dogs.  On these social sites, the dying out of a transient can be the death of a person, as the dying out of a practice can be the death of a practitioner.  But given that a transient is a trajectory that does not span the attractor long enough or far enough to repeat, then how long or far is enough?  What causes one practice to persist and another to desist?

Prediction and Social Change

            Stating this question in terms of causation hastens the appearance of the issue of prediction which naturally arises in any attempt to apply to social issues a theory grounded and elaborated in numeric and physical experiments.  It is a fact of increasing significance for all branches of science that most of the systems we encounter are non-linear.  The non-linearity of social order may be understood as the interpenetration of contexts discussed in connection with the research of Ott and Sommerer.  This characteristic of interpenetration bears directly and profoundly on the possibility of using chaos theory mathematically to describe social science data.

            Social science data are derived from social phenomena and social phenomena are contextual.  If contexts interpenetrate, then social science phenomena have always already begun, in multiple non-trivial senses, before they are observed, recorded, and quantified in any particular social science sample.  The starting and ending periods of observations are dictated to the social scientist by the available data.  Assumptions can be made about how a particular person or situation got to where it is when observed, but those assumptions cannot give us precise, unique, quantitative conditions.  Since this situation obtains throughout the analysis of social science data, it is impossible to determine initial conditions of such phenomena with the uniqueness and precision necessary to use the established mathematical measures of chaos, such as spectral analysis, Lyapunov exponents, autocorrelation functions, power law distributions, and others (Kiel and Elliot 8-10, 51, 53).  If these calculations are not possible then it is impossible to assert with mathematical certainty and clarity that chaos exists in any particular set of social science data.

            Besides this limitation on the calculability of chaos measures, chaos theory has one other feature which strongly limits its quantitative applicability to social science data:  homogeneity.

            Contained perturbed fluids, amplified electrical charges, atmospheric gases, and chemicals in liquid mixtures all display a homogeneity which is precisely amenable to mathematical description but which is found nowhere in social life.  Mathematical manipulations, such as the construction of the Mandelbrot set and the generation of the Feigenbaum number, also have homogeneity as variations of the symbol system of mathematics.  However, "very rarely, if ever, are social systems comprised of identical components with highly homogeneous behavior" (Dendrinos 240-1).  The only way in which a comparable homogeneity can be obtained in social science data is to quantify some aspect of social life such as divorce rates, voter choices, and incidences of disease.  Once specific quantities are obtained then simulations can be constructed which show characteristics of chaos.

            However, the simulations all posit arbitrary, artificial initial conditions which do not correspond to or represent the ongoingness, the historicity, or the livingness of the phenomena from which the quantitative data are extracted.  For example, in a presentation of his universal map for studying the dynamics of human settlement activity, Dendrinos points out that "a change in parameter values or initial conditions can result in a new frame, m, potentially characterized by a qualitatively different dynamic..." (253).  No doubt there is no end to the abstract possibilities in such a model.  Indeed, according to Dendrinos, "one of the weaknesses" in current uses of chaos theory for mathematical modeling in economics is "that under slight but proper modifications in specification, these models can reproduce almost anything that the analyst wishes to produce through theoretical deduction" (238)!

            But what constitutes the initial conditions of human settlement or even of human action in the first place?  Is an initial condition the fact that a shaman read a bird's entrails and directed a group to settle in a certain cave?  Or was it the fact that the group had only two days of food left and winter was coming on?  Or was it the appearance of a familiar star in a strange area of the night sky?  Or was it competition between a chief and a sub-chief over who was the best provider for the group?  Suppose that the latter was taken as the initial condition that accounted for the group settling in a particular cave.  In what sense, then, was that the initial condition?  Does calling it an "initial condition" imply that it had no history?  Isn't it possible that the chief allowed the sub-chief to select that particular cave at that particular time because the chief had already decided to retire from active leadership, or because the sub-chief had promised certain material rewards?  In either case, there is another condition behind, before, prior to, or folded into the initial one.  Indeed, how is it possible to give any kind of precise meaning to the term "initial" in such a situation?

            There is a pervasive silence in the literature on the fundamental question of how to adequately and effectively translate the notion of initial conditions from physical and numeric experiments to social science observation, sampling, and description.  The appearance of chaos in mathematical simulations using quantitative social science data must therefore be viewed with extreme caution.  Certainly dynamics with chaotic characteristics can be generated from many different kinds of quantified social science data.  But is the chaos an artifact of the simulation or is it an explanation of the lived reality of social life from which the quantitative data are extracted?

            This kind of consideration has led Harvey and Reed to assert the following rule as their number one caveat about applying chaos theory to social science:

            1.  Predictive, statistical, and iconological modes of chaos modeling             should be restricted to those ontological levels in which collective             social phenomena can be legitimately treated as a statistically             aggregated phenomenon, that is, as being composed of additive,             numerable, and interchangeable individual units. (314)

            Indeed, since improvements in concrete social forecasting have not yet been achieved using chaos theory (Berry and Kim 216; Brown 128; Jaditz 86; Rosser 209), I am inclined to agree at this time with Dendrinos summary comment that the "single most important contribution mathematical chaos has made [to social science] is to demonstrate the possible presence of new dynamical features in social systems that theoreticians had never addressed before" (238).  Hence my purpose here in showing the radical utility of chaos theory for understanding social order rather than for describing social science data mathematically.

Extended Applications

            Social order which involves mixing and folding and goes in the extreme to cultural vaporization fits the definition of non-linearity and illustrates interpenetration of contexts.  Social order viewed in this way is chaotic.  Chaos as social order also provides a way of understanding the infinite degrees of freedom that characterize human actions.

            The infinitization of human freedom is not due only to some inherent characteristic of human nature, character or personality.  It is a function of the fact that human choices are always situated in contexts which interpenetrate to indefinitely large and complicated extents in time and space.  Each piece of another context or basin of attraction provides more scope for choice and each different piece brings more pieces with it.  Moreover, it seems clear that the only linear systems in social life are those like railroad tracks and contracts that require human will and energy in an attempt to establish and maintain order without variation, that is, without mixing and folding.  Boycotts, strikes, renegotiations of contracts and collusions between prisoners and guards show, however, that even in these high stakes' social contexts there is no guarantee of linearity.

            When we leave the regimes of established and enforced lines, channels, and hallways and enter edges, transition zones, and liminal spaces, moreover, initial conditions of human trajectories cannot be determined with any certainty.  If they are, then there has been a deliberate and arbitrary reduction--collapse, renormalization--of degrees of freedom experienced socially as options.  Even with such a reduction, the infinities of preference open to humans throughout society reintroduce uncertainties which must again be reduced in order to satisfy the requirements of linearity.  This rhythmic layering of recursive oscillations, of mixing and folding operations, and of deliberate attempts at reductive linearization can be seen in four concrete social situations:  1.  Endangered Tongues; 2.  Moral Basins; 3.  Assassination; and, 4.  Cyberspace.

1.  Endangered Tongues.  Off and on since the late 70's, I have done various kinds of projects with the Athabascan Indians in Interior Alaska.  One of these projects involved constructing a survey to gather the opinions of Tribal members on questions of indigenous language preservation.              There are nine different Athabascan tongues still in use in some form in the Interior of Alaska.  As a land area, the Interior is slightly smaller than the state of Texas, contains the major drainages of the Yukon, Tanana, Koyukuk, Porcupine, and Chandalar Rivers, and supports over forty villages--Tribes--whose inhabitants derive ethnically from earlier Athabascan peoples with mixtures of Inupiat and Yupik Eskimo, and Aleut Indian.  Most of the villages are accessible only by air, water, or snow covered ice.  The villages range in population from under fifty to nearly a thousand.  All of them have some kind of electronic communication with other villages and with towns and cities on the state road system and in other parts of the world.

            All of them have some kind of public school facility in which the official language is English.  English is also the official language of commerce, public affairs, and most recreational activities such as basketball and bingo.  In most Interior villages, only a small number of older people retain anything like fluency in a Native language, with a larger number being partial speakers some of whom have learned the language not in a natural family interaction but in some kind of classroom setting.

            On the basis of this situation, Michael Krauss, who has directed the Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, in Fairbanks, Alaska, for the past two decades, predicts that all of these languages will be extinct by 2055.  Krauss qualifies this prediction by the inclusion of only native speakers, that is, those who have learned the language as their first language from birth.  This qualification takes into account the fact well-attested by older Athabascan speakers that sounds once used in these highly agglutinative, rhythmical, and guttural languages have already disappeared or are too difficult for contemporary speakers to reproduce.  Along with a dying out of vocal ranges, the disappearance of a once well-marked distinction between a formal style of oratory and ceremony, and a vernacular style of everyday affairs, is affirmed by the same speakers.  The appearance of a "village English" further attests to the mixing ground with English in which the Athabascan languages are fading into a silent hue of memory.

            It is instructive, before trying to tie any of this to chaos theory, to note that the Interior Athabascans used to make rope from spruce roots, and heavy sewing twine--babiche--from moose skin.  They also used to catch fish in bent willow traps, shoot birds with bows and arrows, and kill charging bears on wooden spears with fire-hardened points.  Most of the older, non-metal technology has either completely disappeared or become pastime, show-piece, museum piece, or story line.  The newer technology, based on the metal, chemical, and plastic industries, has made all of the older tasks much safer in terms of risk to life and limb, easier and more efficient in terms of human exertion, more reliable in terms of success per attempt, and more productive in terms of quantities gained.  The newer Athabascan languages, derived from the older ones and adapted to a context in which information processing and transfer are far more important than reverence, ceremony, and maintenance of taboo, seem also to be becoming easier to learn and simpler in use.

            The attractor of Athabascan culture has changed.  Its phase space now includes multi-story office buildings with advanced electronic equipment in Fairbanks, satellite dishes with color TVs, and the latest in snowmachines and outboard motors in the villages.  The trajectories of an older, slower, more complicated language, and an older, slower, less reliable material technology, with hunting and gathering as their basin of attraction, do not span the new attractor.  The result is that they become transients with varying degrees and kinds of "death."

            Languages that span the national and international artistic, political, economic, and military attractors are English, French, German, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Arabic, and Japanese.  The history of each language shows a contraction of state space with a subsequent decrease in diversity.  A contraction decreases diversity because, as transients die out, there are fewer possible trajectories on a particular attractor.  The unification of the Chinese language, for example, began over two thousand years ago.  The creation of a standard English, French, and Spanish was also achieved at the expense of many local variations some of which, like the Catalan and Basque languages, became smaller attractors with sufficient local energy to survive, but many of which have long since ceased to exist.  It is only in the last decade, according to my own sources in the region, that Athabascans of Interior Alaska have begun to consider unification as a language preservation strategy.

2.  Moral Basins.  Features of linguistic basins are displayed by moral basins.  The last century of life in Taipei, Taiwan provides a stunning example of cross-cultural contact and mixing.  The moral experience of young people in Taipei was the subject of my dissertation as well as of two articles ((2) and (3)) which condensed the content of the dissertation for a wider audience.  I take the position that the moral experience of young people in contemporary urban Taiwan--Taipei--can best be understood in terms of three interacting sites:  the family, the street, and the school.  On the basis of historical considerations that include the perdurant streams of classical Chinese and the intervening streams of European, Japanese, and American civilizations, the moral basin of each context or attractor can be characterized as family/hierarchy, street/fluidity, and school/competition.

            When young people in Taipei traverse, inhabit, and (re)create each site in the course of a day, they are the bearers of the pieces of each basin that recursively layer one another in ongoing oscillations of attitude and behavior.  They carry from the family a hierarchically ordered deference to older siblings and adults into the street and the school.  They carry from the school an egalitarian competition into the school and the family.  From the street they carry a fluid, individualizing sense of freedom and responsibility into both the family and the school.  As layered, recursive carriers of practices who are continually impacted by their peers and by adults, young people live social reality as porous.

            Porosity can be understood as a metric on the state space of society.  The degree of porosity--interpenetration, mixing/folding-- is a good index of the degree of chaos in social life.

            The porosity of the space, moreover, makes it holographic in the sense indicated by Ott and Sommerer's research showing that every basin contained pieces of other basins.  Connecting trails to other attractors in the social order of Taipei can be found in a small portion of that order, e.g., a classroom, a living room, or a bus stop.  For example, while bus riders in Taipei usually do not line up for the bus door, students in school uniforms, although off school grounds and out of the jurisdiction of school disciplinarians, often do line up.  However, relations among attractors and pieces of attractors are rarely linear; they are fractal in the sense of having fractured or fractional relations among parts rather than being integrally related in linear dimensions.  Porous social space is holofractic.  The possibility of prediction within a particular basin of attraction, such as a family or a school, decreases with the increase in porosity of the social life in which the smaller basin is embedded.

            Taipei has been one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Asia for almost a century.  A decrease in older indigenous Taiwanese or imported Chinese patterns has been happening simultaneously with an increase in patterns from other ethnic sources, whether these be technology, language, dress, dance, manners, religion, or marriage customs.  In language, for example, the written Chinese used in Taipei has become more complicated both because of the differing kinds of characters used there and on the mainland and because of the accretion of elements from other languages.  Again, as in Interior Alaska, a contraction of phase space, which signals the dying out of certain trajectories of practice that do not span the attractor of social change, happens together with an expansion of phase space as a birth in new contexts of new trajectories of practice representing various mixtures of the exogenous and the indigenous.

            An application of chaos theory to social issues, as exemplified by Taiwan and Interior Alaska, supports the findings of historical linguistics that there is no simple, inevitable path from older, more complex to newer simpler languages, or vice versa.  It also supports the findings of social science research that the increase in options for attitude and behavior is one of the main events in the complex changes in social order of the last century collectively known as modernization.  This is not a linear decrease in options until some point after which new, more plentiful options can be and are introduced.  Rather, there is a decrease in certain kinds of options which releases cultural energy for a simultaneous increase in other kinds.

            This crucible of contact with exogenous power which constrains and liberates, represses and releases, and destroys and amplifies indigenous power contains the interactions whose unraveling in theory will determine what kinds of predictability, if any, are possible in such spaces.  It seems unquestionable that a strong correlation exists between the availability of culturally unbound or unencumbered power, either coming in from outside sources or released from inside sources, and the appearance of chaotic cultural regimes.  Whether the culturally free power takes the form of guns, drugs and money, or communication, transportation and production technologies, it does not automatically and smoothly reproduce indigenous practices and patterns.  Its introduction becomes an intervention that induces interference patterns.  The interference patterns fold, bifurcate, and diverge into multiple orders or basins which, in a city such as Taiwan, can include new millionaires, depression and suicide, new environmental activism, unprecedented street crime, a clean, quiet electrorail system, and some of the worst air pollution in the world.  As the unprecedented, the novel, the new, and the unheard of increase in extent and frequency, complexity becomes chaos.

3.  Assassination.  A brief example from another country comes from Mexico, shortly after the assassination of PRI Presidential Candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio, in Tijuana.  Interviewed for the New York Times, March 27th issue, by Tim Golden, Jesús Cantú, "an editor whose independent newspaper" had been "firebombed two weeks" previously, shared a widespread feeling that the assassination had shown weakness in Mexico's political system "that once seemed indestructible."  In terms of chaos, such a change is emergent porosity.  The laminar state space of Mexico has articulated into turbulence with a dramatic increase in possible trajectories of social and political practice.  It is no accident or surprise, from the standpoint of chaos theory, that the Mayan uprising in the south happened shortly before the assassination.  As Cantú remarked, "You feel now like anything could happen" (Golden 3).

4.  Cyberspace.  The electronic trip is a dependent phenomenon--when the power goes out the trip stops.  As a dependent phenomenon it must constantly be recreated.  The qualities it has are the qualities given it by those who take, make, and use it--Aryans make it Aryan, environmentalists make it environmental, investors make it investing.  It does not have the independent existence of the natural, hardwired software known as imagination.  Why then does cyberspace exist at all?

            This question is easier to answer on the streets of Taipei than on the tundra of Alaska.  Taiwan has the second highest population density in the world.  When population density combines with multiple, flexible, increasing avenues of expression, new human spaces result.  When population density combines with limited physical space, such as an island like Taiwan, a nation like the United States, or a planet like the earth, compression takes place.

            Compression involves a multitude of actions upon actions, of foldings and mixings.  Compression destroys information and creates information.  In both processes, certain kinds of space are created in order not only to accommodate the destructive and creative processes but also to contain the destroyed and created information.  Where does a document go when it is trashed?  Where does a document go when it is cached?  Where does a document go when it is stored or saved?  Where does a document go when it is emailed, faxed, printed, or mailed?  Each process requires a certain kind of space.

            Compression creates space by contracting quantity.  Compression of human beings creates more and more finely faceted human spaces.  Simultaneously, the increase in human beings, the expansion of their personal spatial horizons, and the increase in their physical possessions create needs for more living space.  Humans now need more living space.  Many people are responding to compression by moving to more and more remote land areas, to outer space, and to the bottoms of oceans.

            Cyberspace is a new kind of living space which combines the remoteness of satellite transmission with the intimacy of home computers, and the standardization of hardware and software with the individualization of preferences in nearly every aspect of the medium.  It is continuous with play space, art space, recreational space, and ceremonial space.  Certainly cyberspace is a medium of communication.  Email is continuous with other communication media such as speaking, singing, dancing, signal fires, drums, letters, messengers, telephones, microwave, and fax.  But email is only a small part of cyberspace.  Impersonal, privately controlled, data transmission and self-stimulating cyberplay are two other major uses which show that cyberspace grows from a need for new kinds of unoppressed living space.  Indeed, the resistance of cyberusers to formal regulation shows how continuous cyberspace is with the traditional individual spaces of play, recreation, and expression.

The changes described above in languages, morals, politics, and human space are not linear, laminar, and sequential.  They are like a quiver of arrows being shot in all directions at once.  The basic attractor of reproduction in a cross-cultural context illuminates this phenomenon because people must continue to speak, dress, marry and so forth in order to survive regardless of the precise ethnic stamp of the language, clothing, or customs.  But if in the process of reproduction, available power increases at an increasing speed and available options multiply more quickly than older options can transform, then the phase space contracts and expands simultaneously with some trajectories dying out and others spanning the new attractor.

The older practices whose enactment connects indigenous power with exogenous power span the new attractor.  Those which do not, not even as museum or tourism curiosities, die out.  The newer practices whose enactment connects exogenous power with indigenous power span the new attractor.  Those which do not are resisted and excluded.  How long is long enough and how far is far enough?  In terms of human living arrangements it is a question of how people use the various kinds of power that are available to them.

            In physical terms, the onset of chaos in physical experiments is reached by means of adding certain kinds of energy to systems--chemical, mechanical, electrical, etc.--that are capable of different regimes of behavior.  These physical systems do not get to chaos by themselves.  They get there by way of receiving and processing energy as the quiescent water described above gets to boiling by receiving and processing thermal energy.  They are physically driven, deterministic systems.  They have regimes of behavior whose characteristics, including transitions to turbulence and to chaos, are determined by manipulation of certain parameters such as temperature, speed of rotation, and voltage.

            Numeric systems are more difficult to describe in concrete terms but they too are deterministic.  In processes such as the generation of the Mandelbrot set or of Feigenbaum's constant, a finite numerical entity is subjected to repeated recursive layerings or foldings until typically bifurcatory oscillatory behavior occurs.  Again, the numbers do not get to chaos by themselves.  The "energy" of manipu

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Gabe's Digital Microwave - Little Big Planet

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Bread Slicing

Is Your Bread Slowly Killing You?

If you eat white (or any kind of store bought) bread, then here are a few things you should know before you put that next slice in your mouth. 

For example...did you know that the inclusion of hydrogenated oils, artificial preservatives, emulsifiers, additives and other chemicals in bread became standard practice in the mid 1950's?  

At this same time whole wheat flour was replaced by bleached, enriched white flour. In this process, grain is bleached and sterilized with chemicals to make it white and soft.  

It is then artificially enriched by adding vitamins, minerals and other materials destroyed in the chemical process. 

Despite what you may have been told, trying to ''enrich'' something with the very vitamins and minerals that were removed from it in the first place, does not make it even half as healthy as the natural unrefined version. 

When you think about this, it doesn't even make much sense. 

It is also a growing practice in many bread producing factories to replace white flour with substances like alum, ground rice, and whiting.  

Alum is the most commonly used of all these substances, because it gives the bread a whiter color and causes the flour to absorb and retain a larger amount of water than it would otherwise hold. 

This enables the factories to produce bread which imitates bread made from a higher quality flour.  

This tainting of your bread with harmful chemicals, such as potassium bromate, emulsifiers (both commonly used in bread production), and alum, jeopardizes your health. 

Do you know why your store bought bread has such a long shelf life? 

The mysteriously prolonged shelf life is because of a particular emulsifier used in making the bread. This emulsifier is mainly used as a softening agent and tends to deceive buyers as to the real age of their bread. 

This emulsifier can hide the signs that your bread is rotting (it certainly doesn't stop the rotting) for a few extra weeks, but the harm it does to your body (and the harm in eating the half rotten bread) makes the cost for this ''convenience'' very high. 

Is it any wonder then, that every year a growing number of people just like you and I, are being hospitalized with illnesses and incurable diseases? 

Is it possible for you to protect yourself and your loved ones against unhealthy and harmful bread? 

Well, buying bread from a store is certainly not the right choice to make. Even if you buy commercially produced whole wheat bread you're not getting healthy food.  

A lot of times what passes for whole wheat bread is actually white bread colored with caramel.  
If the first ingredient in a loaf of whole wheat bread is unbleached enriched flour, then you're not truly buying whole wheat bread at all, just white bread (loaded with chemicals) that is disguised as whole wheat bread. 

There is only one true solution to ensure that you avoid poisonous, toxic bread. And that is to bake Your Own healthy whole wheat bread.  

This is no where near as difficult as it sounds. In fact it's dead set simple. All you need is a good proven recipe, and an expert guide to teach you just once what to do.

About the Author

Beth Scott is the author of The Ultimate Whole Wheat Bread Baking Guide. For more information visit her Easy Bread Baking website now.

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Electric Grill

Electric Barbecue Grill – Knowing Which is Better Between a Gas Grill and an Electric Grill

Which is better between a gas grill and an electric grill? This  question often boggles the minds of families. Well a lot of families are still using gas grill as of today. These families don't find it a good idea to use up electricity just to grill or cook their food. These families find it better to just do the grilling or cooking of their food the conventional way. And these families find it good to use a gas grill as it can provide excellent method of preparation for different foods.

However, a lot of families are also shifting to electric grill today. These families don't find it a good idea to use up gas to grill or cook their food as for them gas is not always available unlike electricity. These families find it better to just use electricity to avoid hassle.

Both gas grill and electric grill are made for the same purpose and that is to grill or cook food. So more or less it is just best to consider safety and efficiency to know which is better between them.

It is not enough that because it can grill or cook food it is already the better one. Safety and efficiency must be considered. How safe is it? How efficient is it?

Obviously, electric grill is a product of the advancement of technology and so  it is most likely safe and efficient to use. Nonetheless, it has undergone research and innovations. It is made to change how grilling food is done.

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This author believes that if you find this information useful, you may also want to check out Electric Barbecue Grill and George Foreman Electric Grill.

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Watt Stand

6000 Watt Solar Power System - You Won’t Believe It !

If you are currently looking into 6000 watt solar system, then you definitely need to read this quick article - it will give you a new slant on the possibilities of the latest in the field of solar energy. If you found out that you could save loads of money with technology that easily enables you to convert solar energy to home electricity for an unbelievable ridiculous cost - wouldn't you be eager to learn more? Keep reading the following article.

Not long ago, equipping your house with a stand-alone solar energy power generator was considered quite an expensive investment that only few could afford, for many others it remained as a dream. You are one of many thousands who search the web for 6000 watt solar system, which just proves that there are more and more people who want to educate themselves on this exciting field.

The newest development in this arena is that this technology finally became accessible and won't empty the wallet of those who want to start enjoying as much free electricity as you need, and then some. Consumers have long had the option of this green energy, but your average person just didn't have the means to get started; there was no choice but to keep on with the status quo and buy all our electricity, while paying these high bills month-by-month.

As you proceed to researching on 6000 watt solar system, I want to share the news that, fortunately for us, a respected 'green' energy professional has discovered a simple method for you to build solar panels and a device capable of converting the power of the sun into useable electricity through the use of simple and inexpensive materials that can be found anywhere. I also found that there are many thousands of enthusiastic users of solar technology who are now enjoying the ability not only to produce free and clean power supply, but as a bonus, the power company will gladly buy any extra power they've generated! As it has now become the common-sense solution, the revolutionary solution is sure to 'brighten up' the way we produce our electricity.

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Kitchenaid Artisan 5 qt. 325 Watt Stand Mixer

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Wheat Grain

Bharatbook.com Wheat Farming in the US

This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing wheat and/or producing wheat seeds. The types of wheat grown in the US are categorized by planting season - winter or spring - as well as their end use. The grain is usually ground to produce flour of various types. Hard wheat is used mainly in breads and rolls, and to a lesser extent, in sweet goods and all-purpose family flour. Soft wheat is used in sweet goods, cakes, cookies, crackers, and prepared mixes. Durum wheat is used almost solely in pasta.

Report Contents

The Key Statistics chapter provides the key indicators for the industry for at least the last three years. The statistics included are industry revenue, industry gross product, employment, establishments, exports, imports, domestic demand and total wages.

The Market Characteristics chapter covers the following: Market Size, Linkages, Demand Determinants, Domestic and International Markets, Basis of Competition and Life Cycle. The Market Size section gives the size of the domestic market as well as the size of the export market. The Linkages section lists the industry's major supplier and major customer industries. The Demand Determinants section lists the key factors which are likely to cause demand to rise or fall. The Domestic and International Markets section defines the market for the products and services of the industry. This section provides the size of the domestic market and the proportion accounted for by imports and exports and trends in the levels of imports and exports. The Basis of Competition section outlines the key types of competition between firms within the industry as well as highlighting competition from substitute products in alternative industries. The Life Cycle section provides an analysis of which stage of development the industry is at.

The Segmentation chapter covers the following: Products and Service Segmentation, Major Market Segments, Industry Concentration and Geographic Spread. The Products and Service Segmentation section details the key products and/or services provided by this industry, highlighting the most important where possible to demonstrate which have a more significant influence over industry results as a whole. The Major Market Segments section details the key client industries and/or groups as well as giving an indication as to which of these are the most important to the industry. The Industry Concentration section provides an indicator of how much industry revenue is accounted for by the top four players. The Geographic Spread section provides a guide to the regional share of industry revenue/gross product.

For more information kindly visit: http://www.bharatbook.com/detail.asp?id=50859

About the Author

BharatBook, the leading information aggregator. We facilitate and support the business information needs. With over 90,000 reports, you can get instant access and insights on the studies in you for market research, corporate / strategic planning by providing the latest information in the form of reports, journals, magazines and databases on varied industries like automotive, oil and gas, shipping, textiles, pharmaceuticals, energy, banking, finance, insurance, risk management, country intelligence, consumer & durable goods, chemical and more your areas of interest. Contact us at +91 22 27578668 / 27579438 or email info@bharatbook.com or our website www.bharatbook.com

How to Make Simple Bread From Stored Grain

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Mini Digital

Mini Digital Camcorder - New Mobile Revolution That Fits Nicely Into Your Pocket

Mini Digital Camcorder - New Mobile Revolution That Fits Nicely Into Your Pocket

If you are having challenges trying to carry around your camcorder, and because of that,Visit Here http://top10camcordersinfo.blogspot.com

you end up losing out on me your more treasured moments everywhere you traveled; you no longer need to concern yourself with this. As of late, size reductions in different types of camcorders, or better known as mini Digital camcorder, has begun to enter into and is gradually taking over the market.

In the not too distant past, people were still utilizing camcorders that were up to 2 pounds, however nowadays, these newer types of camcorders weigh only as much as your mobile phone.

The Small Trendy Gadget

When looking at it in a different perspective, this new type of trend is really not so new after all. In reality it began with mobile phones. At one time mobile phones were as large as bricks, then as time progressed they became about half that size, and a little later they have turned into a device as small as a matchbox.

The camcorder manufacturers were taking notice of this trend and it inspired them to switch from large and bulky camcorders to the smaller ones that fit into a small pouch, and eventually into even smaller types that will fit into a small pencil case.

The most beneficial part of it all is that regardless of how small the mini Digital camcorder has become, the quality of the image has rarely if it all decreased, because of the introduction of superior compression technology which saves and stores the whole video into a smaller file size, but as an extremely high quality output.

Technological Innovation

This mini Digital camcorder can be equated to the miniature version of the hard drive camcorders in which you are able to record the raw video and it will be stored within the internal hard drive, which you can then transfer onto a different computer through FireWire or USB 2.0.

Video is then saved in the newer Mpeg-4 format. This format is the latest and best video compression format to save a raw video file in the smallest size while retaining highest quality of video output. Additionally, the mini Digital camcorder also has the capability of being one of the best digital still cameras, and the majority of them have an extremely high picture quality capturing ability utilizing Carl-Zeiss lens with a capacity of up to 8 megapixels. Even better, the newest version of mini Digital camcorder from manufacturers such as Creative have a web cam, an MP3 player, as well as a voice recorder integrated into it.

A mini Digital camcorder is much less expensive than conventional digital camcorders, due to the fact that this kind of camera is very high in demand and there is a very abundant market amongst teenagers, particularly those who prefer to travel and take snapshots or video of every beautiful moment in their daily lives.

They are available in many different colors that are popular amongst many people, and they simply fit conveniently in your palm. The captured videos also have the capability to be played directly on your television set to be shared with everyone.Visit Here http://top10camcordersinfo.blogspot.com

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Western Digital WD TV Mini Mediaplayer Unbox

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Super Juicer

Benefits of Juicing and Juicers

Health drinks especially fresh fruit and vegetable juices as well as smoothies have in recent years become increasingly popular.  Because of this more and more juice bars are being set up in many high streets.  But you need to be aware that some don't offer the same wholesome drinks as others.  As more and more people want to drink fruit smoothies so these can be found it just about any food outlet and complete fridges in supermarkets are used to show off the packaged versions.

As a result there are all sorts of denatured potions and frozen fruit syrups being blended and then sold to us as being healthy, and as a result it can be difficult to determine what you are actually getting.  In some cases the products you buy contain high amounts of sugar in them.  These types may be convenient for the food outlets but the quality to us is bad.

Raw Juice Drinks - Help Reduce Cravings and Help You with Weight Loss

It was Darwin who showed us how complex evolution is and explained where we came from and showed us the way our bodies adapt and evolve over time in relation to natural environment and the food we eat.  But evolutionary time goes slowly, but the way we obtain nourishment has changed very quickly during the last few thousand years.  No longer do we eat fresh fruits, nuts, roots and leaves that we have sought out in nature.  In fact the majority of use don't know how wonderful it is to grow our own vegetables, and the nearest that most of us get to being hunter gatherers is when we quickly rush around the supermarket getting the groceries we need.

Along with natural foods, now we have an industry known as "food manufacturing" that spend time processing the foods we eat so that they can provide them to us in more diverse and interesting forms.  But unfortunately yes we have all these different varieties of foods but the problem is most of the nutritional value of the original natural ingredients they use will have been loss during the manufacturing processes.

As yet evolutionary processes have not caught up with the rapid changes made to our natural diets in the developed world.  In evolutionary terms it isn't that long since we learnt to use fire and cook food.  Today there is plenty of evidence that shows how destructive eating lots of cooked food can be to our health.  We are still meant to be getting the full range of nutrients from the foods that nature offers us.  If we don't get these then we continue to crave and look for those foods which will hopefully provide us with what we need.  As an extreme example, you can get all you want in a fast food outlet but you will still be undernourished if this is all you choose to eat and you will put on weight.

Your hunter gatherer instincts may have you seeking out convenience foods that are cooked and have little or no nutritional value and you will still have cravings even when your hunger has been satisfied.  This is because you haven't been able to get the raw vital nutrients that your body needs.

The number of people in the western world who are obese or have diabetes has risen alarmingly because of our depleted diet which is high in sugar and fat.  So if you really want to take care of your body you need to make sure that it is getting a good range of living nutrients and you are far less likely to suffer cravings which will mean you are far less likely to heat foods that don't have such nutrients in them because they are reduced through heat and processing.  By drinking raw fruit and vegetable juices you are giving your body super doses of vitamins, minerals, enzymes and phyto-nutrients which would be in a form that Darwin feels would be ideally suited for the human digestive system.

By making Your Own raw, nutrient packed healthy drinks using a juicer and blender at home is a cost effective form of health insurance.  Many people who juice various ingredients often report that they start to lose weight because their food cravings have been reduced.

The main objective is to improve one's health for any juicing enthusiast.  But you will be surprised to learn that along with helping to control weight vegetable juices taste delicious, especially if you have only ever drunk the preserved bottled juices from your local supermarket.  For those who are trying to lose weight by have a juice or smoothie for breakfast or lunch is not only healthy but is a risk free way to achieve your weight loss goals.  However, for most people the real benefit of this type of healthy lifestyle activity is you won't actually need to diet.

You should use your juicer regularly and be selective as to what foods you eat and eat more of them in a raw state.  Plus you should do some moderate exercise and you should find your natural body weight without having to make it your main goal in life.

You Should Use Your Juice and Blender As Often As You Use Your Cooker

This is a very simple piece of advice as it show how important that eating foods in their raw state if you want to be get closer to a natural diet that we have evolved to consume.  If you want to improve your healthy then you need to own a good juicer and fairly powerful blender or Smoothie Maker so that you can create a wide array of living nutritional foods in liquid form in your own kitchen.

Juicers and blenders carry out different functions and the advantages they provide can be easily misunderstood.  Juicers separate the fibre or pulp of the fruit or vegetables from the liquid juices.  You need a good quality juicer so that most of the goodness gets extracted into the juice rather than left with the pulp.  In fact when it comes to non organic fruit and vegetables any residue agrochemicals will remain in the fibre, so getting rid of the pulp is a good thing.  As the fibre is removed so your body is able to absorb the raw fruit and vegetables juices more quickly and easily and less energy is needed to help digest them.

Juicers provide us with much of the goodness to be found in fruit and vegetables when extract the juice.  As much of the fibre is removed this means the quantity of goodness we get from the fruit and vegetables are far greater than if we were to eat them in their raw state.  If you were to put 1lb of carrots, half a head of celery and an apple through a juicer in a matter of minutes you would have most of the goodness your body needs in an easily digestible drink, which is not only full of minerals and vitamins but tastes delicious.  Whereas chewing and digesting the same ingredients would be a very arduous task.

With a juicer you are providing with a way to help improve your western diet by providing you with easy access to large amounts of living nutrients that cooking takes away from the food we eat.  You must ensure that you still consume an adequate amount of fibre in your diet, stripping this out with a juicer allows you access too many different nutrient rich drinks which can improve your health.

With a blender the fibre is left in and makes a thicker drink which we call a smoothie.  In recent years this is what most blenders in kitchens are used for and some manufacturers of blenders now market theirs as "smoothie makers", which adds to our confusion.  Simply put there is no difference between a blender and a smoothie maker; they are in fact the same machine.

You need to be aware that these blended health drinks take much longer to digest than fresh juices do and offer different advantages.  These are more fruit based and the typical kind of health smoothie you would make at home would have apple, melon, and orange or pear juice from your juicer as the liquid base.  Then added to these would be frozen fruits such as bananas or berries which add texture and flavour.  These kinds of mixtures are easy to process in a good blender and smoothies go well with other healthy ingredients such as natural yoghurt, wheat germ and oatmeal.

Many Raw Food enthusiasts will purchase Commercial Grade blenders as these can blend fibrous raw vegetables in to raw soups along with make smoothies and other types of nutritional foods.  Fresh juices from a juicer can be satisfying but a smoothie made in a blender is more like having a meal in a glass.  This machine offers you the facility to blend different ingredients and super foods.  The smoothies and juices you drink can be customised to provide specific nutritional goals say for cleansing the body, providing energy, to help it repair and heal, to build up blood and much more.

So What Are You Waiting For?

By getting a juicer and blender which are built to be used on a daily basis will help to ensure that you are getting the health benefits in your own home from smoothies and fresh juice.  Remember fresh is best.  Yes you could walk into a juice bar each day to get what you want, but you will find it much more fun making your own juices and smoothies at home.

With the economic situation at the moment you can squeeze quite a lot of juice without it affecting your finances when you make them yourself.  Along with the possibility of losing weight you are going to be spending far less because you are going to be having more natural ingredients in your diet instead of relying on the convenience of processed foods that cost more.  In all likelihood you will begin to benefit in other ways as well, you will have more energy and vitality, you will get far less colds and sniffles in the winter, plus you won't become so tired and your immune system will have been boosted.

If you haven't started already then the sooner you get juicing or making your own smoothies the sooner you will start to reap the benefits that these healthy drinks have to offer.  Remember that no juicer and blender is the same so you should invest money in the tried and tested models which will make juicing and blending more enjoyable.

If you need a blender that will be required to regularly blend frozen fruit then make sure it is powerful.  In fact you should consider getting a masticating juicer as these will extract more goodness compared to the common centrifugal kinds of juicers which are readily available on the high street.

Today UK Juicers Limited offer a delivery service across Europe on a wide selection of juicers and blenders that are proven to work.  Plus they offer a bespoke email and phone advice service to help you decide which would be the right juicer or blender for you.

About the Author

UK Juicers provide specialist juicers to the health enthusiast. They also provide choice in blenders, dehydrators and a wide range of juicers including the Green Power Kempo juicer.

Sharper Image Super Juicer

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Hood Combination

Checking Under the Hood, and Under the Vehicle

Summer spring maintenance for the components under the hood and the vehicle makes your Mazda car ready for warmer weather as well as vacation travel.

It is good to consult first your Mazda repair manual before starting any car work so that you are assured that you are doing the right repair or maintenance. And then go under the hood.

The first to be inspected is the engine oil. On a flat surface, park your Mazda car and wait for a minute for the oil to settle in the oil pan. Pull the oil dipstick out; wipe it with a clean cloth; and then insert it back fully. Check the oil level by pulling the dipstick out again. It should be at least close to the “FULL” mark on the stick. If it is low, top it up using the same type of oil as you already have in the engine. The oil needs replacement if it appears too black. Change of season means change of oil which is necessary every three months or 3,000 miles. This will assure you that your car will be fuel efficient and run smoothly.

If needed, have you Mazda car tuned-up. If your car is brand new, the battery, charging and starting, engine mechanical, power train control - including onboard diagnostic check, - fuel, ignition and emission systems must all be included in the tune-up.

The transmission fluid also needs to be changes before a summer vacation. Warm up your car and park it on a level surface for you to check the fluid levels. Leave the engine idle by setting the hand brake in the Park Position. Remove the automatic transmission fluid dipstick. Wipe it and insert it again fully. To finally check the fluid level and condition, pull the stick out again. Take note that common transmission fluid is color red or pink-red when it is new. It becomes brownish with usage as it oxidizes. But if it appears too dark, better change it.

To unscrew the radiator cap, make sure that the engine is not hot. It is wise to change the cap if you see cracked or brittle rubber gasket inside the cap.

It is also important to check the level of coolant in the clear plastic overflow tank. It should be in between "Min" and "Max" marks. Check for possible leaks if the antifreeze level is far below the “Min” mark. You can top up the overflow reservoir using anti-freeze mixed 50/50 with water if the coolant level is just a bit lower. They need to be refreshed every two years.

The belts and hoses need to be checked for cracks, wear, glazing and proper tension. The electrical system, air conditioning and power steering, cooling system, fuel injection valves can be affected by a damaged belt. Any old hoses and those that feel spongy or hard should be replaced immediately. Belt problems are indicated by squeals as the engine accelerates or slows down, and rhythmic slapping sounds when the car is idle. Warm weather can induce breakage and leaks in weak hoses and belts so make sure to they are properly maintained.

The batteries also need inspection. If you see a white crust, remove it through scrubbing with an old toothbrush a combination of baking soda and water. Distilled water can top up any low battery cells. It is also important to ensure the tightness of the battery terminals and hold-downs. For the last part of inspection, test the battery.

The cabin air filter needs to be changed after the rain or if there are any dusts. As a sign of a filter that is overdue for a change, rotten odors are coming out of the air conditioning vents.

Now, it is the turn of those car components under the vehicle.

This season is the right timing for the check ups of the entire brake system.

The shocks or struts should also be checked for signs of physical damage, such as leaking, rusting, or dents. Signs that they need immediate replacements are: rolling or swaying of vehicle on turns; diving of the front ends; squatting of the rear end when accelerating; lowering of the vehicle in the front or rear; loss of directional control on sudden stops; bouncing or sliding away of the vehicle on winding or rough roads.

While the car is parked, you can do a quick check on these parts. Just push down each corner and then release. A serious car problem is implied by a bouncing for a while, instead of immediately returning to a resting position. You can also look inside the wheel to check if all four struts (shock absorbers) leak oil. If they do, they need a replacement.

If any fluid puddles or stains under your Mazda car is noticeable, have it professionally inspected. The antifreeze/coolant, battery acid, brake fluid, clear water, diesel fuel, engine oil, gasoline, gear oil, power steering fluid, shock and strut fluid, transmission fluid and windshield washer fluid are the fluids that can leak from your car that will eventually lead to severe car problem.

The key point here is checking your vehicle to endure the obstacles of summer driving.

About the Author

Kraig Johanssen is a native of Connecticut and holds a degree in Software Engineering. He now works at a software development firm in Alabama. His love for writing and great interest on cars makes him a proficient contributing author to various automotive magazines.

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